Synapsid

The Ancient Ancestors of Mammals

Meet the synapsids, the remarkable ancient creatures that paved the way for modern mammals!

Synapsids lived millions of years ago, even before the time of the dinosaurs, starting around 320 million years ago during the late Carboniferous period and continuing into the Permian period.

Unlike reptiles, synapsids had a unique skull structure with a single opening behind each eye, which helped their jaws and muscles develop differently.

Famous synapsids like Dimetrodon had sail-like backs, while others looked more like today’s small mammals.

They were among the first to develop features like differentiated teeth and possibly even warm-bloodedness.

Imagine these amazing creatures scurrying around ancient landscapes, hunting for food and adapting to various environments.

Synapsids are our ancient relatives, showing us how the early steps in evolution led to the diversity of life we see today, including us!

Dimetrodon

  • When: Permian
    (295–272 mya)
  • Where: North America
  • What: Synapsid
  • Weight: 250–300 kg
  • Length: 3–4.6 meters
  • Diet: Carnivorous
  • Discovered: 1878

Moschops

  • When: Permian
    (265–260 mya)
  • Where: Africa
  • What: Synapsid
  • Weight: 700–1,000 kg
  • Length: 2.7–3.5 meters
  • Diet: Herbivorous
  • Discovered: 1920

Mastodon

Paraceratherium

  • When: Oligocene
    (34–23 mya)
  • Where: Asia
  • What: Mammal
  • Weight: 15–20 metric tons
  • Length: 8 meters
  • Diet: Herbivorous
  • Discovered: 1911

Saber-toothed Cat (Smilodon)

  • When: Pleistocene
    (2.5 million to 10,000 years ago)
  • Where: North and South America
  • What: Mammal
  • Weight: 160–280 kg
  • Length: 1.6–2.2 meters
  • Diet: Carnivorous
  • Discovered: 1842

Woolly Mammoth

Woolly Rhinoceros

  • When: Pleistocene
    (3.6 million to 10,000 years ago)
  • Where: Asia
  • What: Mammal
  • Weight: 1,800–2,700 kg
  • Length: 3.5 meters
  • Diet: Herbivorous
  • Discovered: 18th century

Andrewsarchus

  • When: Eocene
    (37–34 mya)
  • Where: Asia
  • What: Mammal
  • Weight: 1 metric ton
  • Length: 3.5 meters
  • Diet: Carnivorous
  • Discovered: 1924

Arsinoitherium

  • When: Eocene to Oligocene
    (36–30 mya)
  • Where: Africa
  • What: Mammal
  • Weight: 2–3 metric tons
  • Length: 3 meters
  • Diet: Herbivorous
  • Discovered: 1902
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